Advances in Personalized Medicine: Genetic Markers and Precision Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Personalized medicine — tailoring therapeutic strategies to individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors — represents a paradigm shift in healthcare. Genetic markers, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variations (CNVs), and gene expression profiles, serve as critical predictors of disease susceptibility, drug response, and adverse reactions. This review examines the current state of genetic-marker research, discusses how precision therapies leverage such markers for optimized outcomes, and highlights challenges in clinical implementation, especially in genetically diverse populations. We propose a framework for integrating genetic diagnostics into routine care, with emphasis on scalability, ethical considerations, and equitable access. The article concludes with future directions — including polygenic risk scoring and adaptive therapeutic regimens — aiming to realize the full potential of personalized medicine