Digital Citizenship and Social Inequality: Examining Access, Agency, and Participation in the Information Age

Abstract

Digital citizenship has emerged as a foundational element of participation in contemporary networked societies. Yet, structural inequalities persist between populations with varying digital access, skills, and socio-economic capital. This article examines how digital citizenship is shaped by factors such as connectivity, digital literacy, economic stratification, and cultural barriers in Pakistan and comparable developing contexts. Through a review of existing literature and conceptual frameworks, the study highlights the tensions between empowerment and exclusion in the digital sphere. It further analyzes the implications of unequal digital agency for civic engagement, socio-political voice, and access to public services. Findings suggest that sustainable digital citizenship requires integrated policy interventions addressing infrastructure, affordability, and social inclusion.